Our new book Options for Reforming America’s Tax Code 2.0 models several tax proposals that would help low-income taxpayers with little impact on overall economic growth. Here we take a closer look at the most extensive of these proposals: restructuring the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC) based on the Family Security Act proposed by Sen. Mitt Romney (R-UT) in February.
We find that this restructuring would have significant positive impacts on low-income households, while boosting growth slightly due to changes in the marginal tax rates on labor during the phase-in and phaseout of the credits.
The CTC reduces a taxpayer’s tax liability based on the number of qualifying children under age 17 in their household. The credit is partially refundable up to $1,400 and phases out at $50 for every $1,000 in income above $200,000 for single filers and $400,000 for joint filers. After 2025, the credit is set to drop from $2,000 to $1,000, due to the expiration of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The option here would retain the phaseout but make the credit fully refundable and more than double its value. The total credit would increase to $4,200 per child under age 6, and $3,000 per child from ages 6 to 17. It would also eliminate the minimum income requirement, currently set at $2,500 ($3,500 after 2025) for earned income.
Unlike the CTC, the EITC is a fully refundable tax credit. It reduces a taxpayer’s liability based on earned income and number of qualifying children. Taxpayers with children are eligible for a much larger credit than childless taxpayers, for whom the credit maxes out at $530 (temporarily increased for 2021 to approximately $1,500). Like the CTC, the EITC also phases out over a certain income range. The option here would retain the phaseout but change the benefits to a maximum credit of $1,000 per adult and an extra $1,000 for households with dependents.
The combined CTC and EITC reforms would benefit taxpayers across income distributions, with the largest benefits for low-income households. The bottom quintile would see incomes increase by 3.3 percent on a long-run dynamic basis.
| Conventional Change in After-Tax Income 2022 | +5.5% |
| Conventional Change in After-Tax Income 2031 | +3.2% |
| Long-Run Dynamic Change in After-Tax Income | +3.3% |
| Conventional 10-Year Revenue | -$1,414.4 billion |
| GDP | +0.1% |
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Source: Options for Reforming America’s Tax Code 2.0. |
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The changes would have a slight impact on economic growth, increasing long-run GDP by 0.1 percent, due to the changes in marginal tax rates on labor. The changes to the credit schedules for both the EITC and CTC would alter the marginal tax rates in both the phase-in and phaseout ranges of the credits. The net effect would be a slight reduction in marginal tax rates, boosting labor supply.
As we’ve noted in a previous post discussing options to help low-income households, expanding the CTC and EITC would be more effective for helping those at the bottom than cutting statutory marginal income tax rates or increasing the standard deduction. Although, ultimately, policies that boost growth over time will improve the prospects of low-income households, policymakers interested in immediate relief could also consider reforms to tax credit programs.
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